Employment Law Race Religion - Free Essay Example

Employment law race religion Ben, Catriona, Amrit and Jenna all work for Styles For All Ltd Ben is an Orthodox Jew who currently works Mondays to Fridays. The company intends to introduce a shift system, and as a result he will have to work alternative Saturdays, which he does not feel able to do for religious reasons. His boss is not sympathetic. It is pointed out to Ben that everyone else has agreed to the changes, and if he does not like it he should leave. Catriona is a single parent and she has applied for a job as a machinist. She has been turned down for the job because there are concerns that she will be unreliable because of her childcare commitments. Amrit has made a rather surprising job application to the company. He has applied for a job as a model to show the latest range of female swimwear. The company does not even bother to respond to the application and it was put straight in the bin. Jenna has been employed by the company as a secretary for three years. She has been diagnosed as being deaf but she is reluctant to tell anyone in case she is not treated equally. Her long hair conceals her deaf aids. Unfortunately her deafness has made her rather poor at taking dictation under pressure, as she finds it difficult to lip read and write at the same time. This can mean that the work is full of mistakes. As result of her poor work, the company has decided that this year Jenna will not be entitled to a performance related bonus. Advise Ben, Catriona, Amrit and Jenna of any claim for discrimination that they may have against Styles For All Ltd. Employment Law Essay i) Bens Case In accordance with the ruling in Seide v Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427, Ben, as a person of Jewish faith, is classed as a member of an ethnic group. This affords the protections offered under the pertinent legislation. Race Relations Act 1976 (RRA 1976). Firstly, s 1 of the RRA 1976 prohibits discrimination on grounds of race. Under s.3 of the Act, the definition of ‘race is given as follows: ‘colour, race, nationality or ethnic or national origins. It is accordingly apparent that Ben can rely on the provisions of the aforementioned Act for protection. It is an offence under s. 1(b)(1) of the Act to impose a requirement: ‘(i) which is such that the proportion of persons of the same racial group as that other who can comply with it is considerably smaller than the proportion of persons not of that racial group who can comply with it; It is also required that the employer is unable to justify such a requirement. In respect of the meaning of the wo rds: â€Å"can comply†, it was laid down by Lord Fraser in Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] ICR 385 that the words ought to be read as meaning †can in practice† comply, or â€Å"can consistently with the customs and cultural conditions of that racial group.† Ben is therefore clearly able to satisfy this requirement due to his religious beliefs/customs. Further, by virtue of s. 1(A) of the Act an employer discriminates if he applies ‘a provision, criterion or practice which either places persons of the same race or ethnic origin ‘at a particular disadvantage when compared with other persons not of such a category of persons (see s.1(A)(a) of the Act), ‘which puts that other at that disadvantage'(s.1(A)(b)), and ‘he cannot show to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim'(s.1(A)(c)). Ben clearly has an arguable point under the above provisions due to the employers introduction of a shift system which includes Saturdays. I t is understandable that as a member of the Jewish faith, Ben, will find this objectionable. Therefore, irrespective of whether or not everyone else has agreed to the changes, it does not detract from the discriminatory impact on Ben and other members of the Jewish faith. Accordingly, based on the above reasoning, Styles For All Ltd decision to introduce a shift pattern compelling employees to work alternate Saturdays could effectively be indirectly discriminatory against members of the Jewish faith, given that Saturday is their holy day. In order to establish this point, however, Ben would be required to illustrate that the proportion of persons of Jewish heritage, who are unable to comply with the imposed requirement, is considerably smaller than the proportion of those not of the same faith who can comply. Anyone complaining that their rights under the Act have been violated ought to bring a claim within 3 months of the occurrence of the discrimination (see s. 68(1)). If Ben can establish his case, he may recover compensation (s.65(1)(b)) and / or the tribunal could make a recommendation under s.56(1)(c) of the Act to remove the adverse effect of the discrimination. Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/1660) The above provisions are also pertinent to somebody in Bens situation. They provide protection for those in employment, as defined by regulation 2(3). Regulation 2(1) defines ‘religion as; inter alia, ‘any religion. Under the Regulations, ‘Direct and ‘Indirect discrimination are set out at regulations 3(1) (a) and (b), respectively. Whilst there is no defence of justification under the provisions for direct discrimination, the employer can justify indirect discrimination. An indication of how the Regulations ought to apply in practice can be found in the Government explanatory notes which state that if an employer refuses a break to a Muslim to pray at a particular time, this would not amount to direct discrimination if all employees are refused breaks at those times. Peculiar to Bens case, however, under Regulation 3(1)(b) indirect discrimination occurs if: ‘(1) A applies to B a provision, criterion or practice which A applies equally to other persons not of the same religion or belief as B, but (2) which puts persons of the same religion or belief as B at a particular disadvantage when compared with others, and (3) which also puts B at a disadvantage, and (4) A cannot show to be a proportionate means of achieving his or her legitimate aim. ECHR Ben can also raise a point under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides, inter alia: ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Under s.3 of the Human Rights Act 1998, the courts are obliged to read ‘primary and subordinate legislation in a manner which is compatible with ones Convention rights. Under s. 7(1)(b) the Convention r ight issue can be raised in any court/tribunal. The above points can therefore be raised in the employment tribunal (or county court) on grounds of discrimination. It ought to be borne in mind by Ben that a discrimination case has to be made within 3 months of the alleged discrimination occurring (see s. 68(1) of the RRA 1976). ii) Catrionas Case The ambit of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (‘DDA 1975) applies not only to employment, but also to the recruitment process. Part I, s.1 of the Act sets out circumstances in which Direct and / or Indirect discrimination can occur. Under s.1 a person discriminates against another if on the grounds of sex the person treats the other ‘less favourably than they would treat others of a different sex. In this instance, it is apparent that the imposition of a precondition that the successful candidate for a job ought to not have children is going to disproportionately discriminate against women per se. The test applied by the courts is the ‘but for test (see James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] 1990 IRLR 288.) In support of Catrionas case, in Thorndyke v Bell Fruit Ltd [1979] IRLR 1, it was found that a rule providing that the successful candidate for a job should not have young children was ruled to be discriminatory. This would present prima facie evidence that Catriona has been discriminated against. Procedurally, in order to establish her case, Catriona would be required to identify a pool of comparators in order to highlight that the proportion of females who are unable to comply with the requirement of having no children will be considerably smaller than the proportion of males who can comply. Further, pursuant to the Sex Discrimination (Indirect Discrimination and Burden of Proof) Regulations 2001 (SI 2001/2660), Catriona need only establish the facts of her case and the burden will then shift to Styles For All Ltd to rebut the presumption of discrimination. If they are unable to do so, Catriona will have made out her case and proved that she was a victim of discrimination. Based on the information available, Catriona has an arguable case for discrimination that she can either initiate in the county court or employment tribunal. In the event that the case is upheld, the potential remedies, pertinent to Catrionas case include th e following: an order that the discrimination ceases; a recommendation; declaration and / or award of compensation. Should Catriona be minded to bring an action, she is required under s.76(1) of the SDA 1975 to make a complaint within 3 months of the occurrence of the discrimination. iii) Amrits Case S. 2 states that the provisions of the SDA 1975 apply equally to men as it does to women. Also, the provisions of the Act apply not only to people in employment, but to those applying for jobs. Evidently, on the facts available, Amrit has been treated ‘less favourably, by not being considered for the position of model to display female swimwear. Given that the company failed to respond to his application and placed it in the bin, this would indicate that he was clearly the victim of discrimination in this regard. However, s.7 of the SDA 1975 provides a complete defence to an allegation of sex discrimination where there is a â€Å"genuine occupational qualification†. The tribunal is likely to find that modelling female swimwear qualifies as such an example. However, the provisions of the Sex Discrimination (Indirect Discrimination and Burden of Proof) Regulations 2001 (SI 2001/2000) do still apply. Therefore, once Amrit has established the facts of his case, the burd en of proof will shift to Styles For All Ltd to rebut the presumption of discrimination. That said, whilst the courts have a tradition of interpreting a â€Å"genuine occupational qualification† strictly (see Wylie v Dee Co. (Menswear) Ltd [1978] IRLR 103), it would appear entirely valid, in these circumstances, that Styles For All Ltd required a female to model their female swimwear. Therefore, it would appear, Amrit has no merits to establish a case on the basis of discrimination in this instance. Amrit ought to bear in mind, however, that an action in cases of discrimination ought to be brought within 3 months of the alleged occurrence of discrimination having first arisen.(see s.76(1) SDA 1975) iv) Jennas Case Pursuant to Part I, s.1(1) of the Disability Discrimination Act (‘DDA 1995) 1995, a ‘disability is defined as being: ‘ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. Further, Part II, s. 4 (2) (b) states that it is: ‘ †¦unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a disabled person whom he employs— (b) in the opportunities which he affords him for promotion, a transfer, training or receiving any other benefit; Based on the above information, it would appear that Jenna has a prima facie case for discrimination against her employer, as a result of them not deciding not to award her a performance related bonus. This is due to the fact that her work is evidently impeded by her disability. However, according to s. 7(1) of the DDA 1995, companies with less than 20 employees are exempt from the provisions under Part II of the Act. Therefore, it needs to be ascertained whether or not Styles For All Ltd fall into this category. In addition, according to s.5(1), discrimination only occurs if: ‘(a) for a reason which relates to the disabled persons disability, he treats him less favourably than he treats or would treat others to whom that reason does not or would not apply; and (b) he cannot show that the treatment in question is justified. Implicit from wording at s.(5)(a) above is that for an employer to be placed in a position in which he can commit a breach of the Act, he must have advanced knowledge of the ‘disability in question. In fact, this very point was established in the case of ONeill v Symm Co. Ltd [1998] IRLR 23, in which the court found that there must a requirement that the employer knew or could reasonably have known. Therefore, the law stipulates that if it had been the case that Jenna notified her employer of her deafness, then Styles For All Ltd would have had a duty under s.6(1) to make necessary adjustments to cater for her disability. However, in the circumstances, Jennas concealment of her deafness means that the employer has no duty to take ‘reasonable steps (see s. 6(4)) to provide for a disability that they have no knowledge of. Jenna is accordingly advised to bring her condition to the employers attention forthwith. The employer would then be obliged under s. 6 of the Act to take ‘such steps as it is reasonable to ensure her disability does not place her at a ‘substantial disadvantage to those persons without such a disability. Given that Jenna has been employed with the company for 3 years, she ought not be concerned about the companys response, as she has served the requisite 1 year under s.108 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 in order to bring an action in the employment tribunal for unfair dismissal if she is threatened with termination, or relieved of her position due to the employer discovering her di sability. Further, under s. 76(1) of the SDA 1975 Jenna should issue proceedings within 3 months of any alleged discrimination occurring if she wishes the case to be considered by the employment tribunal. WORD COUNT: 2047 Bibliography Text Books: Sargeant, M. and Lewis, D. (2006) Employment Law, 3rd edition, Pearson Longman Bell, A.,C. and Desmond, H. Employment Law, 2nd edition, Thompson: Sweet Maxwell Duddington J.G. (2003) Employment Law, Pearson Longman Lewis, D. and Sargeant, M. (2004) Essentials of Employment Law, 8th Edn. Cipd UK Statutes: Employment Rights Act 1996 (c.18), London Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c.65), London Race Relations Act 1976 (c.74), London Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 (c.43), London Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c.50), London Secondary Legislation The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/1660) The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Amendment) Regulations 2003(SI 2003/1657) Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/1626) EAT Cases: Mr. N J Alldred v The Chief Constable of West Midland Police, 28July 2006, Appeal No. UKEAT/0082/06/ZT Mrs Aileen Brown v McAlpine Co. Ltd, 22 Sept ember 2005, Appeal No. EATS/0009/05

The Quintessential Manual to Essay Descriptive Topics

<h1> The Quintessential Manual to Essay Descriptive Topics </h1> <p>Before you finish the article, we encourage you to peruse it to your friends and family or companions. Typically, most perusers get the best portrayal of something through the utilization of their faculties! In some cases reciting something for all to hear can help perceive any issues that should be worked out. It's additionally basic to have a topic for topic of conversation which can, clearly, be enlivened by expressive articles composed by others. </p> <h2> The New Angle On Essay Descriptive Topics Just Released </h2> <p>If you might want to form graphic expositions on a coral reef, we have extra systems for you. Consistently applying the new mind boggling jargon learned in the current level is the best methods for practicing language capacities. To begin with, your subject should be important. Rather, you must think about your own subject from a gigantic pool of potential outcomes. </p> <h2> The Appeal of Essay Descriptive Topics </h2> <p>The chief point to be careful about in close to home enlightening exposition is that there shouldn't be any over-misrepresentation. There are a lot of qualified paper journalists that may adapt at any exposition in no second. Your point ought to be to create an extraordinary exposition, not an ideal one. Peruse our composing tips and adhere to this essential strides to complete your clear article effectively. </p> <p>Descriptive article consistently incorporates exploratory writing, in any event, when theme gives off an impression of being dull and exhausting from the outset. Expressive papers may be troublesome on the off chance that you don't have any intimation what to expound on. Engaging expositions about an individual are an extremely normal kind of expressive article moreover. Composing an extraordinary distinct exposition is fundamentally giving an exhaustive clarification of a particular element or wonder. </p> <p>Before composing a clear paper, you should have the option to see how you will encode your exposition to meet with the inquiry prerequisites. The essayist ought to pick this issue of the composition to gain a theory explanation we should get right to it. An end is as urgent as some other part of the paper and should be cautiously and articulately composed. Following your decision, you ought to procure an audit of your exposition by editing. </p> <h2> The Little-Known Secrets to Essay Descriptive Topics</h2> <p>You can put your factious paper request with complete assurance to procure your individual data kept. In case you're portraying an occasion, you'll have to make your sections in ordered buy. To adhere to the subject, you ought to incorporate things like a depiction of this issue and why it may be applicable or intriguing to the peruser. To begin, you ought to have a point. </p> <p>You may likewise peruse your paper to different peopl e to get their criticism. When composing a distinct exposition, or a wide range of article for this issue, it's consistently an extraordinary thought to peruse various models so you may watch tests of the set-up and stream you're focusing on. Get in contact with the explanation and the inquiries you created so as to remain centered all through your depiction. The second you select the subject which suits you most, recall the explanation you compose your article, focus on the most fundamental subtleties to tell about in your content and don't disregard the estimation of faculties and sentiments in your essay.</p> <p>The benefit of perusing your article is it permits you to perceive the errors and keep an extraordinary tone all through your work. After you have picked a point to expound on, it's imperative to begin considering what tangible subtleties you can incorporate to enable your perusers to feel just as they are encountering what you're composing. The kind of papers can be testing and tedious, and is the principle motivation behind why most understudies choose to discover elucidating exposition composing help from online stages. You can't ever be too intensive when it has to do with perusing the exposition over again and checking for any spots that ought to be reworked.</p> <p>If you're probably going to make an enlightening passage or exposition, there are a few things you should remember while composing. The subsequent sentence is a genuine case of engaging composition. In specific circumstances, it's very dubious to be distinct and innovative at the indistinguishable second. In case you're expounding on an individual or a put in you should request the passages so you start off in a general manner and compose increasingly explicit subtleties later. </p>

Research Paper Topics for Autism Research

<h1>Research Paper Topics for Autism Research</h1><p>Autism examine papers are quite often the point that gets the most consideration when one is perusing an exploration paper regarding a matter that has come up in the news. Mental imbalance examine has gotten so significant, because of the fast rate at which the confusion is developing, that legislatures around the globe are making finances accessible to subsidize look into in the field. By spending on chemical imbalance inquire about, you can have any kind of effect and help improve the world a place.</p><p></p><p>As guardians of medically introverted kids, we know how much the world would profit by more examination into mental imbalance explore. So do our mentally unbalanced companions and friends, who stress over the current circumstance. On the off chance that you, as well, have a youngster with mental imbalance, you can either step up to the plate and do some examination yourself or enr oll the assistance of specialists in the field. What you have to choose is whether it merits your time and cash to do your own examination or on the off chance that you ought to just enroll the assistance of somebody to do it for you.</p><p></p><p>This isn't to state that doing your own exploration isn't right. It very well may be progressed admirably, yet in the event that you simply need to do whatever you might feeling like doing, proceed. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you need to find support from somebody, you will need to be certain that the individual is qualified.</p><p></p><p>The best research paper subjects, in any event as far as guaranteeing that your data is precise, ought to be those identified with a particular report. This implies the exploration paper themes ought to incorporate the subjects that specialists are at present considering. For instance, if the chemical imbalance inquire about is on the adequacy of a specific sort of preparing, for example, Montessori, you have to see whether the examination is being done in that field, or if another was finished. The aftereffects of the investigation may not be decisive, and if it's not done in the field the outcomes won't be useful.</p><p></p><p>It's likewise imperative to search for look into papers that have distinguished those medically introverted individuals that are probably going to profit by the data introduced. This is with the goal that you can guarantee that your data isn't one-sided. Studies on explicit mentally unbalanced people in the past have indicated that the individuals who read reports about chemical imbalance examine in their nearby media were bound to concur with the data than the individuals who didn't peruse such reports.</p><p></p><p>When scanning for mental imbalance investigate paper points, you have to remember that you will probably assemble data about chemical imbalance all in all. So in case you're attempting to see whether mental imbalance specifically is identified with another turmoil, for example, ADHD, you'll have to look in an a lot more extensive scope of subjects. It's insufficient to see if chemical imbalance is associated with ADHD, you likewise need to see whether it's connected to bipolar confusion, schizophrenia thus on.</p><p></p><p>Taking on mental imbalance research might be somewhat overwhelming, however on the off chance that you recall that you're keen on assisting with improving society, it will be simple. Anyway, why not attempt to do your very own portion look into? It might be advantageous for you and your mentally unbalanced friends.</p>

How to Write an Illustration Essay

<h1>How to Write an Illustration Essay</h1><p>To compose an outline paper requires a craftsmanship that is like drawing yet substantially more aesthetic and complex. You should become familiar with the essentials of an incredible outline, and thusly, you'll figure out how to compose a delineation article too. Here are a few hints for composing outline essay.</p><p></p><p>Writing a representation can be as straightforward or as mind boggling as you like. In your composition, you ought to consistently ensure that your delineations are not simply acceptable. Your representations ought to address the peruser by having their story and the plot really identify with your picked point. You ought to never attempt to be too fancy.</p><p></p><p>For your exposition, you'll have to begin with a primary thought or subject. With this, you'll have to think of a title. When you've chosen your title, you'll at that point need to conside r what you'll call your image. This is significant on the grounds that you'll need to know precisely what it is you will have your picture speak to. You will likewise need to pick a legitimate organization for your representation, which is known as a page layout.</p><p></p><p>The following stage is to compose the body of your article. Since you have a title, you'll have to get to the core of your article. Compose the presentation, and this will help acquaint your theme with the peruser. From here, you can make your drawings or compose your whole story. By having first experience with the perusers, they will have the option to truly get into your illustration.</p><p></p><p>Create a header, which will assist with isolating your article. The headers are significant, in light of the fact that they're the principal thing an individual sees when they go to your article. Keep in mind, this is your article and the headers will help direct indi viduals to your fundamental subject, which is the representation you are working on.</p><p></p><p>When you're doing your delineation, it is essential to know who your crowd is. The crowd for your outline will figure out what kind of picture you will make. Keep in mind, you'll be drawing what you need, however you'll have to make sense of if your crowd will have the option to identify with it. You'll have to realize this when drawing the delineation. This is the place look into comes in.</p><p></p><p>You'll likewise need to monitor what the style of your representation is. In case you're drawing a picture or drawing an activity figure, you'll have to realize what style is best for it. Style is significant, in such a case that you need to draw a sketch for a school venture, you'll have to utilize the style that you ordinarily draw. Be that as it may, in case you're making an outline for your own utilization, you should utilize a similar style you generally do.</p><p></p><p>These are a few hints for composing a delineation article however recall that you ought to consistently decide to draw something you are alright with. All things considered, it's your specialty and you'll generally attract what you love to draw.</p>

Essay Topics For College Writing

Essay Topics For College WritingCollege students will need to study Washington DC essay topics for their college composition classes. There are many great examples of essays in Washington, DC. Students should not feel limited by the place because there are other places that also have great subject matter. Students who plan to go to Washington DC as a home for their college writing assignments may find it useful to check out other essay topics in Washington, DC.Some of the best Washington, DC essay topics are from writing contests. Essay topics in Washington DC based on contests can help students refine their writing skills and pick up some new writing skills. This is a great way for students to work on their writing skills while earning some extra practice and experience.A college writing class might need to use essay topics from the Washington Post. Students may find this interesting because these topics include opinions about issues that may be a little controversial. The newspaper makes these essays available so students may be able to do a quick read.Students may also want to research and look at the many articles in the newspaper that focus on the history of Washington DC. Most of the articles contain perspectives from people who live in the district. Students will be able to learn more about the Washington DC experience if they read about the past through their own eyes. The historical articles will give students some insight into the history of Washington, DC.Students may also want to check out educational articles that address current topics that are current in Washington, DC. Students may also be interested in these types of resources, because they are often written by individuals who live in the District. These essays are a great way for students to look at current issues and how they affect the residents of the city. These essays also provide students with more ideas about the city and how to get involved.Another great resource is editorial cartoons that often come out of the newspaper. Students will be able to see some of the most creative cartoons when they choose to read the cartoons. Some of the most creative cartoons often center on current events, neighborhoods, and even children.Students will also be able to find reviews and analysis of books and movies that may be included in book clubs or movie clubs. These essays can be a great way for students to get their homework completed before the next assignment deadline. Students may be able to do some research or learn about the local area by looking at a variety of books, films, and music reviews.When writing essays for college students, the best things to do are to browse online and search through various essay topics in Washington, DC. Students can find a variety of writing resources in the internet. Students should make sure that they take the time to really find the information that they need when it comes to writing essays.

Obesity And Its Effects On Obesity - 970 Words

Obesity is the buildup of excess body fat, caused by the ingestion of more food than the body can use in which the extra calories are stored as fat. Obesity is measured by taking BMI, or body mass index of the person which is their height and weight and putting it into a formula. As stated by The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, â€Å"A BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 equates with overweight and 30.0 and above with obesity. Morbid obesity (also known as extreme, or severe, obesity) is defined as a BMI of 40.0 or higher† (â€Å"Obesity† Britannica). In the United States, obesity is one of the easiest medical conditions to recognize but one of the most complicated diseases to cure. Obesity is often cured by taking pills and having surgeries done to the†¦show more content†¦For example, people are most likely to drive to where they are going instead of walking or biking. The average American ages 8 to 18 spends a total of six hours watching television and playing video games which plays a role in obesity. Genes are one of the causes of obesity by the way people react to the environment and how much food they intake. Genes may cause obesity by increasing hunger and the amount of food that someone eats. Families cannot alter their genes but they can change the environment in their home and motivate people to eat more healthy and engage in more healthy activities. Genes are not the only cause of obesity. Cushing’s disease and other diseases are other causes of obesity. Some antidepressants and the use of steroids may also be the cause of obesity (â€Å"Overweight†). Another reason for obesity is inactivity. Only 20 percent of Americans receive enough exercise in a day. That means 80 percent of people do not move around enough in a day. 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In addition, no states in America have prevalence of obesity less than 20 percent; while the states having leading percent of obesity are Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Virginia. Obesity’s common effects on health are low life expectancy, high blood pressure, stroke, migraine, low back pain, etc. Furthermore, a recent

Byod at Innovate Technologies

Questions: 1. What are BYODs and how are they currently being used. You should explore a range of applications of BYOD, for example, in areas such as healthcare, education and other software companies. 2. Discuss at least three ways that BYODs could be used to enhance your organisation over the next five years. In particular the CEO would like you to explore ways BYODs could be used to provide opportunities to expand your business both locally and globally. Analyse potential options that could lead to recommendations at the end of your report. 3. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using BYODs. Consider the current uses by various organisations and possibilities for your organisation (especially those you have considered in tasks 1 and 2 above). Explore the ethical, social and legal considerations, and the potential positive and negative impacts your organisation should consider. These should lead to some recommendations at the end of your report. Answers: 1. Introduction Innovate Technologies is a Sydney based IT company that works to major fields of software development. The first is the mobile application development, where the company develops a range of efficient and time saving application for mobile users. The second field is the information systems development for large organizations. The company develops and supports both the fields equally but has a major share of its business from the information systems development as the clients associated with the same are billion dollar companies. Hence, Innovate technologies is looking for ways to strengthen its bonds with the existing clients and break deals with new clients. The company has an extremely innovative group of employees who are enthusiastic in developing applications that sync with the latest technologies. The company is looking forward to a way to develop applications that can be sold to its existing information system clients to increase the business if mobile application development s ector. Though the company is relatively new in the field of IT, it has leaped forward with its fast moving services. The company strongly believes in supporting services as a crucial need to make sure the corporate bonds with the clients sustain. The company encourages innovation and is known for developing new services that make use of the new technologies introduced, to help its clients and mobile users get the best of these technologies through new applications. The company is known to have developed major information systems and places a huge amount of significance to ensure security of data. The company is always ready to invest in technologies that would have a positive impact on both the business and lifestyle of its employees. The report below has been developed by an ICT manager at Innovate Technologies to help the CEO of the organization understand how implementing BYOD can substantially reach all the above goals of the organization. The report has four major sections. The first section is about understanding BYOD, its advantages and disadvantages and the various sectors that have currently implemented BYOD applications. The second section identifies three reasons that explain the need for BYOD to be implemented in Innovate Technologies. This sections also provide ideas that would help the company reach its current goals. The third section details out the various implications that may arise due to the usage of BYOD and the final section has recommendations as to how to overcome these implication and successfully implement BYOD in Innovate Technologies. 2. BYOD and its current applications 2.1 Understanding BYOD BYOD stands for Bring Your Own Device. BYOD allows employees of an organization to access corporate mails, company Wi-Fi and other privileged company information (Miller, 2012). The concept has rose due to the increasing need of employees to carry their own devices and access company applications through the same for flexibility and convenience. It is a part of the evolution that empowers the organizations practicing them with consumerization of IT, where the customer originated technologies impact the enterprise. These concepts have been bought in to light to reap the advantages of the technologies that originate and develop in the consumer space rather than sourcing the same from the IT enterprise sector (Thomson, 2012). The term BYOD was initially coined by Intel, however, it was Unisys Corporation that has put the concept into use in most of its business segments with the help of Citrix Systems. 2.2 Advantages of BYOD The various reasons for enterprises to constantly adopt to the concept of BYOD are listed below Cost Saving: BYOD enables cost-saving by allowing the employees carry their own devices. The hardware expenses of a company to provide these devices significantly reduces as an employee would not need a secondary device (Bien, 2015). When correctly implemented, BYOD can completely eliminate the need for company issued Blackberry thereby reducing the hardware cost. Software licensing costs and device maintenance is decreased as the devices would be owned by the employees rather than the company. Figure 1: Impact of BYOD on expenses Anywhere, Anytime: BYOD provides the ability to access corporate information from anywhere, the need to be continuously present at the desk is reduced (Ballagas, 2014). Especially in support environments the need to be able to access corporate applications from anywhere anytime will help the employee resolve issues at the comfort of their home (Morrow, 2012). Cutting Edge Technology: The devices carried by employees are usually faster with far better technology than that provided by the company. This is especially true in case of smaller organizations with budgetary constraints (Shim, 2013). By using BYOD the organization can make use of advanced technologies without actually investing in them. Employee Satisfaction: Employees are happier with the flexibility BYOD provides. Ability to work with their own devices makes the employees more comfortable (Hopkins, 2013). Also, the employee gets to choose the device they would like to work with, rather than use the company mandated devices Attractive Employer: Organizations that implement BYOD are seen as adaptive organizations that put the comfort of their employees as a priority. This makes the organization an attractive employer there by increasing the recruitment quality. 2.3 Disadvantages of BYOD Every technology has its own cons list. Understanding them and applying appropriate measures to ground the negative impacts would help an organization use the technology to an advantage. The chances of security breach is high when corporate data is accessed through personal devices. The sheer number of devices connecting increasing exponentially leading to a need to implement advanced measures to ensure security The device may be lost or sold with corporate data still residing in the device. The corporate data may be stored in personal cloud storage. Malware threats increase substantially (Scarfo, 2012) The chances of the current applications used by the company are not compatible with the employee device. The support sector of organization should find ways to implement them on all devices (Ghosh, 2013) Lack of infrastructure to handle network traffic with increasing BYOD users. 2.4 Current applications of BYOD 2.4.1 BYOD in Healthcare BYOD in health care segment is currently restricted to a smaller scale as the need for patient data confidentiality is high. Reports of various tests conducted on a patient are uploaded on to the companys database and the same can be checked by doctors using a tablet (Gwaltney, 2015). However, since IT support for BYOD is not the primary concern in healthcare industries 2.4.2 BOYD in Education BOYD is being adapted into education sector by changing smartphone from a distraction to an important tool for educational enhancement. Starting from schools to educational universities, e-learning had become the latest trend and the same can be easily implemented through BYOD (Ho, 2015). The need to carry around textbooks and notes can be completely eliminated and the concept of beyond the classroom can be applied broadly (Song, 2014). However, special attention needs to be paid to make sure that the BYOD device is not misused and e- safety needs to be ensured. 2.4.3 Public sector The public sectors of US and UK has started implementing the BYOD concept at a higher level allowing employees to access the network with personal laptops. However, given the sensitivity of data that prevails in a public sector and the large number of employees associated stringent guidelines as per the new End User Devices Security and Configuration Guidance policy was issued by Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG) have to be adhered to, to ensure data safety. 2.4.4 IT Sector BOYD is currently most popular in IT sector with IBM being a lead implementer. Companies with support projects are migrating to BYOD to ensure 24x7 support for clients. The IT sector has dedicated wings to ensure that the devices used adhere to the guidelines listed by the enterprise. The increase in flexibility and feasibility of the working environment of the employee has been a major reason for implementing BYOD. 3. Enhancing Innovate Technologies with BYOD 3.1 Implementing BYOD as a Sand Box Innovate Technologies works in the field of mobile application development and information system applications. Both the fields are closely related to BYOD. The company can therefore, implement BYOD in its own organization and use it closely to understand how BYOD works and what the implications with it are (Mansfield, 2012). Once the same is understood and analyzed the company can develop mobile applications that can be sold to large organizations to implement BYOD or to the device owners to make their devices compatible with the BYOD policies of the company. The chances of developing a new product is high when how the work is closely observed, helping the company come with applications that enhance BYOD. The company can expand both globally and locally by supplying these service to corporations implementing BYOD. 3.2 BYOD to enhance support Since Innovate Technologies develop information system application for large organizations, the need to provide round the clock support to client is essential. By implementing BYOD the company can provide support services 24x7. The employees can address issues as soon as they rise as they are constantly connected to the corporate network. SLA of support services can be easily reached, allowing the company to provide best support services. This would help them enhance their support services with the current clients and also would be helpful to break deals with new clients (French, 2014) 3.3 Cost Cutting and employee satisfaction The major advantage with the BYOD is its cost saving capabilities with reduced secondary devices and device maintenance. The company works in mobile applications and hence, it is ideally for them to implement the same through BYOD, enhancing the integrity of the company. The company has much more satisfied employee increasing the productivity gains. 4. Ethical, Social and Legal considerations When implementing any technologies there are several litigations that may question the ethical sense of the employees and the legal issue the company may face due to the implementation. It is important to realize the possible issue before implementing something to make sure necessary steps are taken to make sure all the issues are correctly addressed Below listed are the ethical, social and legal considerations to be looked into before implementing BYOD The company would have access to the device of the employee and hence employee privacy may be violated The employees need to remain ethical when using corporate network and should be responsible to ensure that privileged data is not shared with third parties in any form. The need to implement reasonable security on BYOD devices is high to ensure the security of corporate data (Romer, 2014) If data security issues arise due to BYOD, the employees device cannot be taken by the company due to lack of ownership Data security needs to be enhanced to make sure that third party or unauthorized users dont have access to this data The technically savvy employees may jailbreak the devices eliminating the restrictions to improve security. The employees are responsible to apply corporate security patches regularly to protect data (Cook, 2013) Accessing corporate sites from public Wi-Fi increases the risk of malware and hackers Device locking may not be implemented by employees exposing corporate mails to unauthorized users (Benigno, 2014) 5. Conclusion BYOD or Bring Your Own Device is one of the key technologies that lead to the consumerisation of IT where the consumer technologies impact the working on an enterprise. With the rising need for flexible working environment of employee, it is only obvious that BYOD has been implemented in major parts of software sectors. The concept allows the employees to access privileged corporate data through their personal devices. BYOD has become popular due it its cost cutting and employee satisfying capabilities. The need for secondary devices is almost completely eliminated by the concept of BYOD. However, the concept of BYOD is relatively new and hence laws and policies have not being concretely developed around it. Data security and employee privacy are major issues when implementing BYOD and addressing the same is essential to ensure that the integrity of the organization is not compromised. Innovate Technologies can make the best use of BYOD as the concept would not only provide advantages such as cost cutting but will also help the organization come up with mobile application products that can be sold over to its large clientele that implement information systems. Most of these organizations would be looking into BYOD which is bound to happen in almost all the sectors and hence, Innovate technologies would have a chance to migrate their potential clients to their mobile application development sector as well. The objectives to strengthen bonds with the existing clientele of information system can be achieved by implementing BYOD to enhance support services. Understanding and analyzing how BYOD works can help the company come up with products that support the implementation of BYOD on mobile platforms for the large clientele of information systems to take up mobile application development services as well. 6. Recommendations Implementing BYOD without a question advantageous to Innovate Technologies. However, extreme care should be taken to provide security to corporate data accessed through BYOD devices and also employee privacy has to be respected. The below policies have to be implemented to ensure the negative impacts of BYOD is reduced As the company cannot develop security applications to all mobile platforms at once, the BYOD has to be implemented in patches allowing devices of one platform at a time to ensure that the security applications are appropriately developed for data security (Tokuyoshi, 2013) To ensure data cannot be accessed by unauthorized users employees with BYOD have to follow the below guidelines mandatorily. Screen locks with passwords are mandatory (Keyes, 2013) All the corporate applications have to be locked or hidden (Donaldson, 2015) Logging in with corporate credentials for all corporate applications Erase the data on the device completely before selling it Install all security patches mandated by the company Make sure that the device is treated as any other corporate device and password sharing has to be restricted (Walker, 2013) Jailbraking and rooting devices is strictly prohibited If the device is lost or stolen the same as to be reported to the company immediately (Jaramillo, 2013) Installation of apps that can pose potential threat to the corporate data security should be restricted (Lim, 2014) Clearly help the employee understand that the device can be lawfully and legally owned by the company to investigate any issues that occurred through the device A strict exit strategy has to defined to ensure that the company data is not accessible to the employee post separation The company data should not be stored in the mobile device permanently and only reading access wherever possible should be provided Clearly define the device maintenance if any is given to the employee (Eslahi, 2014). All the employees has to sign an acceptable use policy declared by the company The company has the right to erase the data remotely in case of stolen or lost device Malware and other hacking threats have to be addressed to with appropriate security measures The company has the right to pull out services without prior notification if a potential threat is identified The above listed are a brief list of recommendations. While actually implementing BYOD a much more comprehensive policy would be required to be adapted. 7. References Ballagas, R., Rohs, M., Sheridan, J.G. and Borchers, J., 2014. BYOD: Bring Your Own Device, UBICOMP. Benigno, V., Caruso, G., Ravicchio, F., Repetto, M. and Trentin, G., 2014. DO BYOD (BRING-YOUR-OWN-DEVICE) TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORT INCLUSIVE VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS?. ICERI2014 Proceedings, pp.6239-6248. Bien, D., Negahban, A. and Windsor, J., 2015. BYOD in Practice: A Comparison of Four BYOD Programs. Cook, T., Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Cooper, S., Becker, C.H., Smart, R. and Lu, C., 2013. Mobile innovation applications for the BYOD enterprise user. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 57(6), pp.6-1. Donaldson, S.E., Siegel, S.G., Williams, C.K. and Aslam, A., 2015. Enterprise Cybersecurity for Mobile and BYOD. In Enterprise Cybersecurity (pp. 119-129). Apress. Eslahi, M., Naseri, M.V., Hashim, H., Tahir, N.M. and Saad, E.H.M., 2014, April. BYOD: current state and security challenges. In Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), 2014 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 189-192). IEEE. French, A.M., Guo, C. and Shim, J.P., 2014. Current status, issues, and future of bring your own device (BYOD). Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 35(10), pp.191-197. Ghosh, A., Gajar, P.K. and Rai, S., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Security risks and mitigating strategies. Journal of Global Research in Computer Science, 4(4), pp.62-70. Gwaltney, C., Coons, S.J., ODonohoe, P., OGorman, H., Denomey, M., Howry, C. and Ross, J., 2015. Bring Your Own Device(BYOD) The Future of Field-Based Patient-Reported Outcome Data Collection in Clinical Trials?. Therapeutic Innovation Regulatory Science, 49(6), pp.783-791. Ho, R.C. and Chua, H.K., 2015. The Influence of Mobile Learning on Learners Absorptive Capacity: A Case of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) Learning Environment. In Taylors 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 471-479). Springer Singapore. Hopkins, N., Sylvester, A. and Tate, M., 2013. Motivations for BYOD: an investigation of the contents of a 21st century school bag. Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Tworek, W., Smart, R. and Cook, T., 2013. Cooperative solutions for bring your own device (BYOD). IBM journal of research and development, 57(6), pp.5-1. Keyes, J., 2013. Bring your own devices (BYOD) survival guide. CRC press. Lim, K., Jang, Y. and Lee, E., 2014. Research on BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy guidelines with the extension of the. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(7), pp.21-36. Mansfield-Devine, S., 2012. Interview: BYOD and the enterprise network. Computer fraud security, 2012(4), pp.14-17. Miller, K.W., Voas, J. and Hurlburt, G.F., 2012. BYOD: Security and privacy considerations. It Professional, (5), pp.53-55. Morrow, B., 2012. BYOD security challenges: control and protect your most sensitive data. Network Security, 2012(12), pp.5-8. Romer, H., 2014. Best practices for BYOD security. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(1), pp.13-15. Scarfo, A., 2012, November. New security perspectives around BYOD. In Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2012 Seventh International Conference on (pp. 446-451). IEEE. Shim, J.P., Mittleman, D., Welke, R., French, A.M. and Guo, J.C., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Current status, issues, and future directions. Song, Y., 2014. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) for seamless science inquiry in a primary school. Computers Education, 74, pp.50-60. Thomson, G., 2012. BYOD: enabling the chaos. Network Security, 2012(2), pp.5-8. Tokuyoshi, B., 2013. The security implications of BYOD. Network Security, 2013(4), pp.12-13. Walker-Osborn, C., Mann, S. and Mann, V., 2013. to Byod or not to Byod. ITNow, 55(1), pp.38-39.